Her Majesty Ashi Phuntsho Choden Wangchuck: Patron Queen of Bhutan: A Legacy of Devotion and Leadership
Bhutan’s nobility is tightly interwoven with sacred prophecies, revealed treasures, and Guru Rinpoche’s blessings. The country’s first queen, Ashi Tsendue Lhamo, was deeply devoted to Buddhism and was the only woman in the district of Bumthang whose wrist fit Yeshe Tsogyal’s bracelet. Ashi Phuntsho Choden, the second queen, was equally devout. As Bhutan began the balancing act of promoting and preserving its culture while trying to engage with the modern world, she carried the Buddhadharma beyond Bhutan into India and Nepal. In 1927, when her husband Jigme Wangchuck became Druk Gyalpo, the Dragon King, she took her place as a patron queen, responsible for religious, royal, and social interests.
Ashi Phuntsho Choden’s aristocratic education taught her how to manage Bhutan’s domestic world of weavers and estates. As queen, she was kind, capable, open-minded, and generous, moving gracefully between her inner and outer worlds of her activity. When she gave birth to the third Druk Gyalpo, King Jigme Dorji Wangchuck, in 1928, she made sure that he learned both English and Hindi in early childhood to prepare him for Bhutan’s escalating involvement in foreign diplomacy. After the birth, Ashi Phuntsho Choden had no more children, and focused her life around Buddhism and matters of state.
During the queen’s lifetime, Bhutan and India became closely connected. In 1934, she traveled with her husband to Calcutta. All winter, she attended races, dinners, movies, and impromptu archery competitions. In the spring, she left without her husband on a pilgrimage in Nepal.
Back in Bhutan, the queen hosted British diplomats with humor and warmth. An officer’s wife wrote about exchanging dresses with her: “I looked enormously stout…. I then dressed up Her Highness in my dress, stockings, hat, and shoes. She was very pleased, though she must have felt the cold, as my clothes were much flimsier than hers.”
Other anecdotes reveal the world in which she lived as a woman, mother, and wife. Her daughter-in-law, Ashi Kesang Choden Wangchuk, wrote that when she [Ashi Kesang Choden] was pregnant in Thimphu in 1954 and waiting for the Western doctor and her own mother to make the difficult overland journey to assist her, “my baby arrived early, and Mayuem Phuntsho Choden [the queen] and her maid, with Dr. Phenchung, delivered my daughter.” “A Tribute to Dr. Albert Craig” https://www.kuenselonline.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=16344
In 1952, while she was in India, her husband, King Jigme Wangchuck, died of a heart attack. Ashi Kesang Choden wrote of his death, “While in Kalimpong [India] in March 1952, we heard that His Majesty the second King Jigme Wangchuck had passed away in Kunga Rapten Palace. His Majesty [the third] King Jigme Dorji Wangchuk [and] Mayuem Phuntsho Choden…[were] greatly shocked and grieved by the news…. Mayuem Phuntsho Choden and I travelled to] help with the royal cremation ceremonies.”
These day-to-day accounts of the queen’s life are eclipsed in the historical records by long lists of her extensive Buddhist undertakings. Throughout her life, she received teachings, empowerments, and reading transmissions from renowned lamas in the Drukpa Kagyu, Karma Kagyu, Dudjom, Peling, and Nyingthik traditions.
Her obituary in Kuensel, Bhutan’s English-language newspaper, notes, “The deeply ingrained spirituality that she developed became a foundation for the responsibilities that she took on herself, and Ashi Phuntsho Choden played an important role in maintaining and strengthening Bhutan’s rich Buddhist heritage. She built a legacy of religious institutions, established spiritual learning centers, and preserved the rich imagery that formed a core of Bhutan’s religious history.”
While still in her 20s, Ashi Phuntsho Choden renovated Kurje Lhakhang, where Guru Rinpoche left an imprint of his body after subduing local demons in 746 AD. At Kurje, she also restored murals of the Guru Tshengye (Eight Manifestations of Guru Rinpoche). Later, the queen commissioned paintings of Buddha Shakyamuni and statues of Jo Jampa (Maitreya), Terton Pema Lingpa, Buddha and his retinue, and Guru Rinpoche.
In 1972 her son, King Jigme Dorji Wangchuck, died of a heart attack. In 1974, she established the National Memorial Chorten in Thimpu in his memory, and for the well-being of Bhutan. (To learn more about King Jigme Dorji Wangchuck, [intlink id=”452″ type=”post” target=”_blank”]see the article about him[/intlink] in the Patron Kings series. HH Dungse Thinley Norbu Rinpoche, Dzongsar Jamyang Khyentse Rinpoche’s father, was the chorten’s chief architect, under the guidance of his father, HH Kyabje Dudjom Rinpoche. The chorten is renowned for its tantric imagery.
The queen commissioned many other chortens and lhakangs (temples), including temples in India and Nepal, and sponsored the printing and distribution of thousands of volumes of religious texts and rare mandala miniature paintings. She initiated plans for Bhutan’s national library (established in 1967) to collect and conserve vital Buddhist and secular documents, and she established three meditation centers and shedras (Buddhist colleges).
The queen’s commitment to Buddhism was born from great devotion. In 1955, camped near the shores of a lake, she dreamed of a girl adorned with flowers and silk scarves, carrying a bowl of milk. The girl sang a song that began,
I offer this song to the Three Jewels: the ultimate refuge,
There is none other than you to rely on.
The song went on to describe the location where the Ninth Gangteng Tulku would be reincarnated. After hearing the song in her dream, the queen sent a message to the monks of Gangteng that their tulku’s incarnation could be found at the source of the Mangde Chu river in central Bhutan. Later, the Dzogchen yogi, Polo Khenpo Rinpoche; HH Kyabje Dudjom Rinpoche; Jigdrel Yeshe Dorji; and HH the Gyalwang Karmapa recognized the tulku as the unmistaken reincarnation of Gangteng Tulku, the body emanation of Pema Lingpa.
Later in life, Ashi Phuntsho Choden spent more time at her retreat residence, Dechencholing Palace in Thimpu. There, hundreds of butter lamps illuminated the queen’s shrine room.
When Ashi Phuntsho Choden died peacefully at the age of 92 in 2003, “tens of thousands of people lined the national highway, from Thimphu to Bumthang, prostrating, offering prayers, lighting incense, holding flowers, many of them in tears.” HH Karmapa joined the international crowd of dignitaries, monks, and lamas attending her funeral ceremonies. In a condolence letter to her grandson, His Royal Majesty Jigme Singye Wangchuck, the Central Tibetan Administration wrote that “the life of Her Majesty encompassed much of the history of modern Bhutan,” and that it was people like her and her generation of Bhutanese who have contributed so much to making Bhutan a country that is stable, peaceful, literate, and on the path to increasing prosperity. “This is a legacy which future generations of Bhutanese need to cherish and expand on. We join with Your Majesty and the people of Bhutan in mourning the death of a great soul.”
Is it not possible that Queen Phuntso Choden was the half sister of the present Queen Jetsun Pema’s grandfather and not her Father.
Always appreciated generations of queens of Bhutan. May this continue to guide Bhutan into a peaceful and happy country.
What a wonderful, endearing story. My fondest dream is of going to Bhutan one day.
I’ve just returned to India after two weeks in Bhutan. While there I again visited the awe-inspiring Kyichu temple in Paro. If I understand correctly, the newer part of Kyichu was sponsored by HRH Ashi Phunthso Choden. It is magnificent!!– and this tells me that this devout Queen was a remarkable woman and generous patron of Buddhadharma.
i love my king,country and people, the leaders are compassionate and the people modest . and the noble queens by heart; affectionate ,,
As a matter of fact, late Mayum Ashi Phuntsho Choden was instrumental in transmitting the sacred teachings to the western world as she facilitated in providing travel document or passports to distinguished Buddhist masters like HH Karmapa, HH Dudjom Rimpoche, HH Dilgo Khyentse Rimpoche, HH Kalu Rimpoche and so on with which all these precious masters had been able to establish Buddhist Centres in the west. She was indeed the true Dakini.
Our royals are extraordinary one. They are believed to have been sent by god as they are different in many ways. They are religious,compassionate, humble and great leaders. We really respect them from our heart. We have heard so much about them doing/ working for the benefit of the country and the people of Bhutan. We really salute for their contribution.
Queen Ashi Jetsun Pema resembles present queen Ashi Phuntsho Choden in many ways, specially in her crown photo.She is as beautiful and charming as the late ashi in her youthful days.Hope she would be as religious as like late ashi.
I Have Always been intrigued and fascinated by their Majesties profound contribution in propagating Buddha Dharma in Bhutan and as well as to Neighboring countries… We are indeed very fortunate to be born under such dynamic leader, Our Hereditary Kings and Their Queens…
May Bhutan continue to be blessed with such devout Queens in all times to come. May they inspire loving kindness and compassion in everyone that they come across. Gyalyum Phuntsho Choden is a true icon of gentle kindness, generosity and compassion. May she continue to inspire faith, love and belief in all.
I am blessed to have born as Bhutanese in the land of dharma…